The Genetic Signature of Neolithic in Greece

..................................................................................................................................................... III 1. THE NEOLITHIC IN GREECE AND EUROPE .................................................................................. 1 1.1 The origin of agriculture and birth of the first farming communities ............................ 1 1.2 The spread of Neolithic in Europe: an archaeological overview ...................................... 3 1.2.1 The Neolithic in Western Mediterranean ........................................................................ 4 1.2.2 The Neolithic in the Balkan peninsula .............................................................................. 6 1.2.3 The Neolithic in Central Europe: the Linear BandKeramik Culture (LDK) ........ 7 1.3 A genetic overview on the spread of Neolithic in Europe ................................................... 8 1.4 Cultural or demic diffusion? An open question ..................................................................... 12 1.5 The Neolithic in Greece ................................................................................................................... 14 1.5.1 The Neolithic migration into Greece ............................................................................... 17 2. AIMS OF THE STUDY ............................................................................................................................ 22 3. MATERIALS AND METHODS ............................................................................................................. 24 3.1 Population analysed ......................................................................................................................... 24 3.2 Laboratory analyses ......................................................................................................................... 27 3.2.1 Dna extraction .......................................................................................................................... 27 3.2.3 Y-Chromosome genotyping ................................................................................................ 28 3.3 Statistical analyses ............................................................................................................................ 34 3.3.1 Intra-population variation .................................................................................................. 34 3.3.2 Inter-population variation .................................................................................................. 36 3.3.2.1 Genetic distances ..................................................................................................... 36 3.3.2.2 Multidimensional scaling ...................................................................................... 37 3.3.2.3 Phylogenetic reconstruction: Median-joining Network ........................... 37 3.3.2.4 Principal components analysis ........................................................................... 38 3.3.3 Demographic inferences through coalescence Bayesian methods ..................... 39 3.3.4 Time of the most recent common ancestor (T.M.R.C.A.) estimate ...................... 40 4. RESULTS ..................................................................................................................................................... 42 4.1 Y-chromosome results .................................................................................................................... 42 4.1.1 Haplogroup frequencies and intra-population diversity ........................................ 42 4.1.2 Demographic inferences ...................................................................................................... 48 4.1.3 Inter-population diversity ................................................................................................... 51